Ruramisiro paPepa: The Best Books on Law

Mutemo (kana sainzi yezvemitemo) inogona kutsanangurwa senhevedzano yemisimboti nemaitiro, anowanzo kufemerwa nemazano ekururamisira uye kurongeka, ayo ane basa rekutonga maitiro evanhu munharaunda ipi neipi yedemocracy, uye kutevedzera kwavo kunogona kuisirwa nechisimba kana kuburikidza nesimba reruzhinji. Sezvo pasina tsananguro yakabvumiranwa yeizwi, inogona kutorwa sese sainzi uye hunyanzvi.

Mutemo ndeimwe yedzidziso dzekare dzebudiriro, uye dzakashanduka nekufamba kwemakore, zvichienderana nenzvimbo uye mamiriro. Sekuita, zvine hukama zvakanyanya nenzvimbo dzakaita senhoroondo, zvematongerwo enyika, zvemagariro, zvehupfumi, uye huzivi. Kuti unzwisise zviri nani iyo yakazara spectrum, tinokukoka iwe kuti utarise runyorwa rwedu rwemabhuku emutemo akanakisa.

Mabhuku akanakisa emutemo

Muchinda (2019), naNicolo Machiavelli

Iri bhuku, rakatanga kunyorwa muna 1513 uye rakaburitswa mushure mekufa, igwaro rezvematongerwo enyika rakagadzirwa nemunyori kuti ape zano-uye, nenzira yakafukidzwa, kukumbira basa kubva kuna-Lorenzo de Médici. Mazwi ake, zvakadaro zvakakosha nhasi sezvazviri mumagenesis avo, Zvinoratidza unhu hunofanira kuva nemutongi akanaka. Vhoriyamu yakanakira chero mudzidzi wemutemo anoda kunzwisisa zvematongerwo enyika.

Zvisinei nekushandiswa kunenge kusinganzwisisike kwezita remunyori kureva a hunyengeri kana hunyengeri —ona izwi rekuti “Machiavellianism”—, Ichi chinoramba chiri chinyorwa chakakosha chinotsvaga kudzidzisa madzimambo idzo pfungwa idzo, dzakaitwa nekuziva, dzinogona kutungamirira ivo nevanhu vavo mukugarisana kwakanaka.

Quotes naNiccolò Machiavelli

• "Muchinda ngaaite munhu anotyiwa zvekuti kana akatadza kuhwina rudo rwevanhu anonzvenga ruvengo."
• «Varume vanosundwa zvikuru nezvisungo zviviri; zvichida nokuda kworudo kana kutya.
• "Nzira yekutanga yekuongorora hungwaru hwemutongi ndeyekutarisa varume vakamupoteredza."

Revhiatani (1651), naThomas Hobbes

Mune iyi classic, Munyori anogadzira pendi mbishi uye isina kudzokororwa yemamiriro emunhu., iyo yaanorondedzera seine udyire, yemakwikwi, uye inotya rufu rwechisimba. Kwaari, ndicho chokwadi chatinogara tose, tichigara tichirwa muhondo inotyisa kuti tipone. Asi izvi zvese here? Hapana chimwe chinhu matiri icho chingatiponesa here?

Maererano nemunyori, kune, uye hapana chimwe chinhu uye hapana zvishoma pane, hurumende ine simba, inoumbwa nevanhu vakasarudzwa neruzhinji rwevanhu, vavanogona kusiyira kodzero dzavo zhinji, vachitarisira kuti vamiririri vavo vachaita Hurumende mushonga, kana kuti nzvimbo yakanaka yekugara.

Mashoko akanyorwa naThomas Hobbes

• "Nheyo yemarudzi ose makuru uye anogara kwenguva refu haana kubatanidzwa mukuda kwevarume kune mumwe nemumwe, asi mukutya kwavo."
• "Murume akasununguka ndiye uyo, ane simba uye tarenda rekuita chimwe chinhu, haawani zvipingamupinyi pakuda kwake."
• "Muhondo, kumanikidza uye kubiridzira ndiwo maitiro maviri emakadhinari."

Mweya weMitemo (1748), naBaron de Montesquieu

Ichi ndicho chimwe chezvinyorwa zvinoburitsa pachena zvenguva yeChiedza., apo munyori wechiFrench anotaura nezve pfungwa nhatu dzakakosha mukati memutemo: simba rekutonga, simba rekutonga uye simba rekutonga, uye, pamusoro pezvose, nzira iyo pfungwa nhatu idzi dzinopindirana. Montesquieu, ichinyanya kukosha sekare, inotsigira kuenzanisa uye kupatsanurwa kwemasimba.

Pfungwa ndeyekuti chimwe nechimwe chevatatu chinodzora vamwe, ukuwo vachidzora mumwe nemumwe. Kunyangwe zvingaite sezvisina basa, dzidziso iyi yekuparadzaniswa kwemasimba haina kungopona kusvika nhasi, asi. Inoshandiswa munyika dzese dzedemocracy uye dzakazvitonga pasi rose, uye vadzidzi vake vemitemo, magweta uye munhu wose anoda kunzwisisa kuti Hurumende inoumbwa sei, anofanira kuiverenga.

Quotes naBaron de Montesquieu

• "Apo varume vanovimbisa mukadzi kuti vachamuda, vanogara vachifunga kuti anovimbisa kuva netsitsi kwavari nguva dzose."
• "Vanhu vane zvishoma zvekuita vanowanzotaura zvakanyanya: kana vachifunga uye kuita, ivo vanotaura zvishoma."
• «Tsika dzinoita mitemo, vakadzi vanoita tsika; "Vakadzi, saka, itai mitemo."

Chibvumirano chemagariro (1762), naJean-Jacques Rousseau

Mubhuku rake, Muzivi wechiFrench uye wezvematongerwo enyika anotaura nezvekuenzana uye rusununguko rwevanhu mukati mehurumende yakaumbwa kuburikidza ne "social contract." Izvi zvinonzwisiswa sekushandiswa kwehutongi hwemunhu wega wega, hwemubatanidzwa, uye, pakupedzisira, hwenyika. Basa racho raifanirwa kuva nemabhuku mana, asi ibasa risina kupera iro Rousseau akasiya.

Munhoroondo yose, kwave kune mabhuku echimurenga akachinja nyika, achishandura nzira yatinozviona nayo uye nzanga yedu. Ndiyo nyaya ye Chibvumirano chemagariro, ibhuku umo munyori waro akadzivirira zvakasimba rusununguko rwemarudzi evanhu, uye izvo zvakashanda, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, kuvhenekera fuse yeChimurenga cheFrance.

Mashoko akanyorwa naJean-Jacques Rousseau

• «Uduku hune nzira dzahwo dzekuona, kufunga uye kunzwa; Hapana chinhu chakapusa sekuedza kuvatsiva nekwedu.
• "Kuenzana muhupfumi kunofanirwa kuve nekusave nemugari akapfuma zvekuti anogona kutenga mumwe, kana murombo zvekuti anomanikidzwa kuzvitengesa."
• "Zvishuvo zvose zvakanaka chero bedzi mumwe ari tenzi wazvo, uye zvose zvakaipa pavanotiita varanda."

Zvemhosva nezvirango (2014), naCesare de Beccaria naVoltaire

Uyu ndiwo mumwe muenzaniso webasa rakashandura mitemo yenguva yaro, ichipesvedzera ramangwana remitemo yenyika. Muchiitiko ichi, muzivi weItaly uye mutongi anoburitsa pachena maitiro uye kukanganisa kwemutemo wekutonga panguva yakanyorwa chinyorwa ichi. Munyori akakurudzira kuvandudzwa kwakati wandei, mazhinji acho akagadziridzwa zvakabudirira kune aivepo maitiro.

Muchokwadi, pesvedzero yemunyori nebasa iri rakanga rinoshamisa pakuita kwemutemo, sezvarakaratidza, kusvika pamwero mukuru kana mudiki, mutemo mutsva weutsotsi wevashanduri vakuru. Nenzira imwecheteyo, Ichi chikumbiro chine shungu pamusoro pemutongo werufu, kutambudzwa uye kusaenzana kwemhosva dzakaparwa nemitongo yakapihwa.

Quotes naVoltaire

• «Zvinorambidzwa kuuraya; Naizvozvo, mhondi dzose dzinorangwa kunze kwokunge dzauraya dzakawanda uye nokurira kwehwamanda.
• "Kuti ubudirire munyika, hazvina kukwana kuve benzi, iwe unofanirwawo kuve nehunhu."
• "Kuzvida, senge nzira yekuberekana kwerudzi rwevanhu, kwakakosha, kunotipa mufaro, uye isu tinofanira kuzvivanza."

Democracy muAmerica (1835), naAlexis de Tocqueville

Uyu mufananidzo wakanaka weAmerican nzanga yenguva yayo.. Iri basa, chaizvo, ndicho chinhu icho nyika yedemocracy yakavakirwa-kana inofanira kunge yakavakirwa-inoratidza mashandiro anoita masangano ayo, ayo ari chigadzirwa chetsika dzevagari vemo uye hupenyu hwezuva nezuva hweUnited States.

Izvo zvese zvakatanga nerwendo rwakaitwa naTocqueville kuenda kuNorth America kunotsvaga ruzivo nezve shanduko kuhurongwa hwejeri. Ndisingazive, Munyori akagadzira iro rakazova rimwe remabhuku akakosha mudzidziso yezvematongerwo enyika uye dudziro yenhoroondo yenguva dzazvino. Chii chinoita kuti ive yemhando yepamusoro kusanganisa kwayo kwekutarisa, generalization uye intuition.

Quotes naAlexis de Tocqueville

• "Sosaiti iri munjodzi kwete nekuda kwekupambadzwa kwevashoma, asi nekuda kwekurembera kwetsika kwevose."
• "Rusununguko harugoni kuvakirwa pakusaenzana; naizvozvo, runofanira kuvakirwa pachokwadi chedemocracy yemamiriro akaenzana."
• "Democracies ndiyo nzira dzakakodzera dzekutonga nzanga ine runyararo."
• "Iwe unofanirwa kujaira kugara nevavengi vako, nekuti haugone kuita munhu wese shamwari yako."

Mweya we toga (2007), naÁngel Ossorio

Chekupedzisira, isu tine bhuku iro gweta rega rega remangwana rinofanira kuverenga, chinyorwa chinosanganisira zvinyorwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvinobvunza hunhu, hutsika, uye hunhu hweveruzhinji hwevatongi. Izvi, Kukoka kubva kumunyori kuti aongorore pfungwa yemunhu zvakanyanya yebasa remutemo, yakanyorwa mushure memakore makumi maviri nemashanu ekuita kwaOssorio. Achifunga nezvemamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, akatanga kutsanangura zvakajeka uye zvakadzikama.

Muchidimbu, Mweya we toga Ibhuku rezvese izvo gweta rakanaka rinofanira kuva nekuita.: kubva pakuumbwa kwefemu yezvemitemo uye kutungamirirwa kusvika kune yakakosha, yakaoma, uye yakawedzera hunyanzvi pfungwa dzehunyanzvi hwakakosha hwemutemo.

Mashoko akanyorwa naÁngel Ossorio

• "Gweta rechokwadi angave munhu anoita basa nekupa zano repamutemo uye kutsvaga kururamisira."
• "Iyo toga, saka, haisi iyo pachayo hunhu, uye kana pasina hunhu hwechokwadi pasi payo, inoderedzwa kuita yekunyomba."
• "Kuva gweta kunopfuura kungowana dhigirii remutemo."