Mumakore achangopfuura, rudzi rwehupenyu hwevanhu haruchave nzvimbo isina kutarisirwa uye rwave imwe yenzira dzinoshanda zvikuru dzekutsanangura nhoroondo yemazuva ano. Zvaimboonekwa senhoroondo yakapfava yehupenyu hune mukurumbira zvava kunzwisiswa sechishandiso chine simba chekutsanangura mashandiro anoita nzanga, kuti sarudzo dzezvematongerwo enyika dzinoitwa sei, kana kuti sainzi inofambira mberi sei munyika dzakadai seSpain.
Vachikurudzirwa nekufarira uku kwakawedzerwa, mabhuku akabuda anotsanangura vanhu vakakosha munhoroondo yeSpain neEurope kubva pamaonero akasiyana: kubva kumusayendisiti ari kurwisa kenza mumarabhoritari kusvika kumutungamiri wezvematongerwo enyika akatungamira shanduko yedemokrasi, kana muimbi weflamenco akashandura hupenyu hwake nemashoko ake kuita hondo inogara ichirwisa simba. Mabasa ese aya ane chinangwa chimwe chete: kushandisa ruzivo rwemunhu wega wega kujekesa nguva chaiyo yenhoroondo.
Biography semhando ye "hutano hwakanaka"
Kufungisisa kwezvedzidzo kunobvumirana kuti nhoroondo dzehupenyu dziri kuona nguva yakaorera zvikuru. Vanyori venhoroondo dzesainzi vakaita saHelge Kragh vanosimbisa kuti ndidzo "mhando yega yemabhuku, nhoroondo, nesainzi inokwanisa kutengeswa zvakanyanya," chimwe chinhu chinoisa rudzi urwu munzvimbo ine rombo rakanaka pakati peveruzhinji nenyika yedzidzo.
Munyaya yenhoroondo, vanyori vakaita saSánchez Ron vanoti nhoroondo yehupenyu iri kunakidzwa nebasa re "kuburitsa mabhuku rine hutano," mushure memakumi emakore umo, nekuda kwezvikonzero zvepfungwa nedzidzo, yaisanyanya kutariswa kana kuonekwa seisina kukosha. Nhasi, kukosha kwayo kuri kudzoserwa pakuvakazve kwete nyaya yehupenyu hwemunhu chete, asiwo magariro evanhu, zvematongerwo enyika, uye tsika dzaivapoteredza.
Musiyano uripo nedzimwe nyika dzekuEurope unoonekwa: nepo nhoroondo yeFrance yakaburitsa mabhuku akawanda uye maduramazwi akawanda ehupenyu kubvira muzana remakore rechi19 achibatanidza zvikamu zvese zvemagariro evanhu, munyika dzakadai seSpain, Portugal, kana kunyange Italy, muunganidzwa uyu wakaganhurirwa zvikuru. Kushaikwa uku kunowanzo kanganisa kutsvagurudza: zvakaoma kuwana mazuva chaiwo ekuzvarwa nekufa, ruzivo nezvezvidzidzo zveyunivhesiti, kana ruzivo rwekutanga nezvemabasa ehunyanzvi evanhu vakawanda vakakosha.
Kusiyana neizvi, munyika yeAnglo-Saxon, hunyanzvi hwekuongorora zvinhu hwakasimudzira tsika yehupenyu hwevanhu. Ikoko, kukosha kwemunhu munhoroondo kunotorwa sechisina basa, uye zvirongwa zvepachivande zvakasimudzira mapurojekiti anoratidza nzira dzemunhu dzesainzi, vezvematongerwo enyika, vemabhizinesi, uye vanoita zvekuratidzira.
Chinonyanya kukosha pane gakava rekare: maitiro ekudzivirira hupenyu hwemunhu kuti husave hunyoro hwemajini, rumbidzo isina kurongwa, kana, kune rumwe rutivi, kutaurirana kwemunhu. Nyanzvi dzinonyevera nezvenjodzi yekuti nyaya yacho ichapedzisira "yanyengedza" munyori wenhoroondo kusvika pakufukidza mamiriro enharaunda uye kuongorora kwakadzama. Nokudaro, zvinosimbiswa kuti dambudziko guru nderekutsanangura hupenyu hwemunhu mukati memamiriro enhoroondo, kubatanidza zvakaitika kumunhu uye zvaaifunga nemaitiro makuru enguva yake.
Maitiro ekugadzira biography yakaoma
Mafambiro aripo munhoroondo anokurudzira nzira dzinopfuura kungonyora chokwadi chete. Dzakafuridzirwa nevanyori vakaita saBraudel , mabasa mazhinji ehupenyu hwevanhu anoedza "kubata zvese" zvehupenyu: kubva paudiki kusvika pakukura, kubva pamunhu wemukati kusvika kuvanhu nemaumbirwo anokanganisa nzira yemutambi mukuru.
Semuenzaniso, chirongwa chakakura chinoratidza zvinangwa zvikuru zvina: kunzwisisa rwendo rwakakwana munguva nenzvimbo; kuratidza kusanzwisisika nekuchinja kwehunhu (kusava nechokwadi kwake, kusawirirana, zvipingamupinyi); kuongorora maonero ake enyika uye nezvake; uye, pakupedzisira, kuziva kuti ndezvipi zviitiko zvemagariro zvinonzwisiswa zvizere kana zvikaonekwa kuburikidza neruzivo rwevanhu chaivo.
Mukati mehurongwa uhu, mhando dzakasiyana dzenhoroondo dzehupenyu dzakabuda: nhoroondo dzehupenyu hwevanhu, nhoroondo dzehupenyu dzekutsvagisa, muunganidzwa wenhoroondo dzehupenyu, nyaya pfupi, nhoroondo dzehupenyu dzinopa ruzivo , nhoroondo dzehupenyu dzakatsoropodzwa, nhoroondo dzehupenyu dzakajairika, nhoroondo dzehupenyu dzinodudzira, uye kunyange nhoroondo dzehupenyu dzengano dzakavakirwa pavanhu chaivo. Dzese dzine tambo yakafanana: kushandisa hupenyu hwemunhu senzira yekunzwisisa nguva kana dambudziko revanhu vose.
Iyi nzira inonzi "nzira yehupenyu" kana kuti nzira yenhoroondo yehupenyu yave ichibudirira mune zvesainzi yemagariro evanhu: nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu, nyanzvi dzezvevanhu, vadzidzisi kana vanyori venhoroondo vanoshandisa iyi nzira yekutarisa zviitiko zvetsika nenzira yevanhu uye kuchengetedza ndangariro idzo, zvikasadaro, dzaigona kurasika nekufamba kwenguva.
Semuenzaniso, munyaya dzedzidzo, mazano ari kupihwa ekuti vadzidzi vatsvage mhuri dzavo uye vagadzire nhoroondo dzemadzitateguru avo dzakavakirwa pasainzi . Kushanda nemabhuku ekutaura, magwaro emhuri, uye zvinyorwa zvemunharaunda kunobvumira vasikana nevakomana kuti vataure nezvenhoroondo nekukurudzira kukuru, vachibatanidza zviri mukirasi nekurangarira nharaunda yavo.
Mariano Barbacid: hupenyu huri pakati pemutemo werabhoritari nesainzi
Imwe yemienzaniso yakajeka yenyaya itsva iyi yehupenyu ibhuku rinotaura nezvenyanzvi yemakemikari Mariano Barbacid , rakaburitswa neLa Esfera de los Libros uye richangoburwa muAranda de Duero nemutori wenhau Graciano Palomo. Basa iri, rine musoro unoti Mariano Barbacid: The Battle Against Cancer , rinoonekwa sechirongwa chekutsvagisa chinosanganisa mufananidzo wemusayendisiti netsananguro inowanikwa yezvaakawana zvikuru nematambudziko aripo mukutsvaga kenza.
Bhuku iri rinotaura nezvemakore angangoita makumi mashanu ebasa rekurapa kenza, kubva pamazuva ekutanga aBarbacid muUnited States kusvika pakudzoka kwake kuSpain uye kuvambwa kweSpanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) . Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvikuru zvakakurukurwa ndechekuparadzaniswa, muna 1982, kwemunhu wekutanga ane oncogene, H-RAS, panguva yaaive kuU.S. National Cancer Institute, kuwanikwa kwakamuita kuti azivikanwe pasi rose uye kwakavhura mikova yeU.S. National Academy of Sciences.
Nhoroondo yehupenyu haigumiri pakurumbidzwa. Inoongororawo matambudziko esainzi: mari isina kugadzikana, hutungamiriri, sarudzo dzezvematongerwo enyika dzenguva pfupi, uye kumanikidzwa kwevezvenhau zvinowanzoita kuti pave netarisiro dzisiri dzechokwadi nezvekufambira mberi murabhoritari. Nyaya yekurapa katatu kurwisa kenza yepancreatic , yakagadzirwa mumamodeli embeva paCNIO, inoratidza kuti kunyange mhedzisiro inovimbisa zvikuru inosangana sei nezvipingamupinyi zvehupfumi nehunyanzvi zvisati zvasvika kuvarwere.
Mupfungwa iyi, bhuku iri rinopa maonero akafara: haringoratidzi muongorori akapfeka jena chete, asiwo rinoisa basa rake mukati memamiriro ezvinhu akaomarara anokanganiswa nebhajeti rehurumende, zvinokosheswa muhutano, hukama neindasitiri yemishonga, uye kukanganisa kwemaonero everuzhinji. Saka nyaya yaBarbacid inova muenzaniso unoshanda wekunzwisisa simba nekushaya simba kwehurongwa hwesainzi hweSpain.
Munguva yehurukuro muAranda de Duero, chinangwa ichi chakasimbiswa: kuunza muverengi pedyo nerutivi rwevanhu rwaBarbacid - zvinomukurudzira, kusava nechokwadi kwake, nzira yake yekutarisana nekukundikana nekubudirira - uye panguva imwe chete kubatsira kunzwisisa zviri nani zvinogona uye zvisingatarisirwi kubva mukutsvagisa kenza nhasi, munda unoramba uri mumwe wematambudziko makuru ekurapa kwemazuva ano.
Alfonso Guerra: "pfuti yakasununguka" yeSpanish Transition
Munyaya dzezvematongerwo enyika, imba yekuburitsa mabhuku iri muSeville inonzi Renacimiento yakaburitsa Alfonso Guerra. A Loose Verse , rondedzero yehupenyu hwaFrancisco Márquez Hidalgo inoedza kuzadza mukaha unoshamisa: kusvika pari zvino pakanga pasina kudzidza kwakakura, kwakanyorwa nemunyori wekunze, nezvemurume aive Mutevedzeri weMutungamiriri weHurumende uye nhamba yechipiri muPSOE mumakore aFelipe González.
Chinhu chitsva mubasa iri chiri pakuti ndiro bhuku rekutanga guru rehupenyu hwaGuerra risina kunyorwa naro iye pachake. Mutungamiriri wesocialist akanga atorondedzera hupenyu hwake hwezvematongerwo enyika mumavhoriyamu akati wandei ehupenyu hwake— akadai se *Cuando el tiempo nos alcanza* uye *La rosa y las espinas* —asi pakanga pasina maonero akaparadzana zvakanyanya , aikwanisa kuenzanisa nhoroondo, kugadzirisa zvisarudzo, uye kuongorora simba rake pakuchinja kwezvematongerwo enyika.
Muchidimbu, mupepeti wenyaya unopfupikisa rwendo rwebhuku kubva pa "kutanga kwaAlfonso Guerra kuzvininipisa" uye kuda kuziva kwekutanga kusvika pakutsvaga kwake pfungwa yaakazvibatanidza nayo. Kubva ipapo, rondedzero inoongorora basa rake mukuvandudzwa kwePSOE ( Spanish Socialist Workers' Party), kubatana kwake naFelipe González, kutonga kwake zvishoma nezvishoma kwezvishandiso zvebato, uye basa rake guru muhurumende dzechisoshalisti dzema1980, zvichiguma nenhoroondo yekusiyana kwake uye kusiya kwakazotevera neshamwari yake yaaimbove mukuru wekufamba nayo.
Renacimiento anonyora nhoroondo iyi yehupenyu mukati mehurukuro dzezvizvarwa zvine chekuita neTransition . Sumo yebhuku iri inobvuma kuti maitiro acho akanga asina kukwana, asi anoidzivirira se "sarudzo yakanakisa" yekubuda muhudzvanyiriri hwemakore anopfuura makumi matatu, maonero anopesana nekutsoropodzwa kwazvino kunopokana nenyaya yepamutemo yemakore iwayo. Mukati mehurongwa uhu, hunhu hwaGuerra hunotsigirwa semutambi mukuru, zvakaenzana nevanhu vanotungamira vebato rega rega rezvematongerwo enyika.
Bhuku rino rinopedzisa nemufananidzo waGuerra nhasi, "akabviswa mumhirizhonga yezvematongerwo enyika" asi akatendeka kune hunhu hwaanoti hwakakosha kune muparidzi: chinzvimbo chake semutungamiri ane gakava, muvengi wekuzvidzora , uye anoda kukoshesa rusununguko rwake rwekutaura kupfuura kurangwa kwebato. Kusawirirana uku pakati pekuvimbika nekusawirirana kwemukati ndiko chaiko kunokurudzira chinyorwa chehupenyu hwake, chinomuratidza se "munhu asingazvifungiri" zvechokwadi.
The Goatherd: nhoroondo yehupenyu iri kuenderera mberi kubva kumashure kwechikuva cheflamenco
Kunze kwemabasa ehurumende, rudzi rwehupenyu hwevanhu runotarisawo kune vanhu vanobva mutsika dzakakurumbira vakapesvedzera zvizvarwa zvakati wandei. Izvi ndizvo zvakaitika kuna José DomÃnguez Muñoz , anozivikanwa neunyanzvi saEl Cabrero, mumwe wevaimbi veflamenco vaitaura pachena mumazuva ekutanga ehutongi hweSpain. Nyaya yake iri kugadziriswazve nechirikadzi yake, Elena Bermúdez, wekuGalicia, uyo akapedza makore achinyora nhoroondo yehupenyu hwake yaanotarisira kuti ichaburitswa mumwedzi iri kuuya.
Ukama hwavo hwakatanga muguta reSwitzerland reGeneva kutanga kwema1970, mumakore ekupedzisira ehutongi hwaFranco. Bermúdez, mwanasikana wevatorwa vekuGalician, aiwanzoenda kumusangano wemabhuku uye akatora chikamu muhurukuro dzemitauro miviri pamusoro pevadetembi veGeneration of '27. Ikoko akasangana naEl Cabrero, uyo akanga asvika naSalvador Távora nemutambo wake weQuejÃo . Zvakatanga semusangano wenguva pfupi zvakaguma nekutamira zvachose kuguta reAznalcóllar kuSevillian, uko José akaramba achishanda semufudzi wembudzi pasinei nemukurumbira wake waikura pamitambo.
Nyaya yehupenyu hwaElena iri kupedzisa— mapeji anopfuura mazana matatu uye zvinyorwa zvakawanda, sezvaatsanangura iye pachake—ine chinangwa chekupa maonero ake ega, zvichibva pane zvaari kurangarira pamwe chete nenyaya dzakapfuudzwa nemuimbi kubva paudiki hwake mumakomo kusvika pakusimukira kwake semufananidzo weFlamenco anorwa. Munyori anoziva kuti ndiye ega anochengeta zvakawanda zvezviziviso izvi uye akatsunga kuzvichengeta mukunyora zvisati zvarasika.
Kure nekuda kunyora hagiography, Bermúdez anosimbirira kuti bhuku iri richasanganisirawo maitiro nezvikanganiso zvemurume wake, murume ane chido chakanyanya uyo akashandisa chikamu chikuru chemari yake pambudzi, mabhero emombe, uye mafaro epanyika. Panguva imwe chete, basa iri rine chinangwa chekuratidza musanganiswa wekusagadzikana kwakanyanya uye kupandukira kwairatidza mazwi ake: mafandango nemaserrana aipokana pachena kusaenzana kwevanhu, hondo, uye simba rehupfumi, uye izvo zvakamuwanira nhamba huru yekuramba, faindi, uye kunyange kugara mujeri kwenguva pfupi.
Chirikadzi iyi pachayo yaifanira kutaura ichidzivirira nhaka yemuimbi, ichishora pachena avo, maererano naye, vari kuwana mari kubva kumufananidzo waEl Cabrero nezvakanyorwa vasingaremekedze kodzero dzake. Pfungwa yake yakajeka: anotenda makirabhu evateveri nevatsigiri vanogovana ndangariro vasingatsvage purofiti, asi anoramba pfungwa yekuti vaimbova vazivikanwi vanofanira kuita mari nemavhidhiyo kana zvinhu zvisiri pasi pesimba remhuri.
Kupfuura hunhu: kubva mukirasi kuenda kunharaunda
Mienzaniso yaBarbacid, Guerra, naEl Cabrero inoratidza kuti nhoroondo dzeupenyu dzemazuva ano dzinonyanya kupfuura nyaya dzekare. Nyanzvi yesainzi inova nzira yekupinda mumakakatanwa pamusoro pemari yekutsvaga ruzivo uye hukama huripo pakati pesainzi nezvematongerwo enyika; mutungamiri wesosharisiti anoshanda kuti afungezve nezvenyaya yeTransition nekuvakwa kwedemocracy; muimbi weflamenco anopandukira anotibvumira kuona kusawirirana kuripo pakati petsika dzakakurumbira, musika, uye simba.
Panguva imwe cheteyo, nzira yekuverenga hupenyu hwevanhu iri kushandiswa munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana kubva kumakirasi emayunivhesiti kusvika kudzidzo yepamusoro uye mapurojekiti emunharaunda. Kushanda nenyaya dzehupenyu—dzingave dzevanhu vakakurumbira kana vanhuwo zvavo—kunotibatsira kunzwisisa zviri nani zviitiko zvakaita sekutama kwevanhu, kusachengeteka kwemabasa, shanduko mumhuri, uye kutapurirana kwekurangarira kwehudzvanyiriri nedemocracy muSpain.
Chinokosha ndechekuti mabasa aya nemapurojekiti aya anokwanisa kubatanidza ruzivo rwemunhu mumwe nemumwe nemaitiro eboka: kurwa nekenza muzvipatara zvehurumende zvekuEurope nenzvimbo dzekutsvagisa; shanduko dzezvematongerwo enyika dzakachinja nyika mumakore ekuma1970 ne1980; kana kurwira kuchengetedza izwi rinotsoropodza muindasitiri yetsika. Nhoroondo yega yega, kana yakagadzirwa zvakanaka, inoguma yava mufananidzo wechizvarwa kana boka rese revanhu.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu apo Transition iri kuongororwazve, basa resainzi riri kuongororwazve, uye tsika dzakakurumbira dziri kukosheswazve, nhoroondo dzehupenyu dzinopa nzvimbo yakafanana apo vaverengi vanogona kuona nhoroondo kuburikidza nemaonero ehupenyu hwemunhu mumwe chete. Pamwe ndosaka rudzi urwu rwemifananidzo, runowanzoonekwa serwakare, rwave imwe yenzira dzakavimbika uye dzinoita kuti tifunge kuti tave rudzii rwenyika uye kuti tinoda kuva rudzii rwenyika.